Wednesday, December 12, 2012

Exam 2: Middle Media


Kristen Donahue
26 November 2012
A Shadow in the Midst?
            Much of the media are not new, but have grown over time.  Over time new ways were discovered to communicate to another by means other than word of mouth or a letter.  From speaking face to face, to sending and receiving mail by a bird or a post man, to Gutenberg’s printing press, to the radio and television, communication has evolved.  Because of this evolution, some of these older means of media may be becoming obsolete, becoming left behind by the shadow of new technological advancements. 
            The era of the Roman Empire was known as the Classical Era, where much learning and knowledge was gathered and kept.  After Rome collapsed, Europe experienced what scholar Petrarch referred to as the Dark Ages.  A big characteristic of this time period was the lack of literary records that could define the era after the "extinguishing of the light in Rome."  It is a dark period in history because of the grim events associated with the time (plague, smallpox, superstition), and also because of its dark "hole" in what we know because of its lack of documented records. During the Dark Ages (6th-13th centuries), much of the media disappeared due to lack of the spread of knowledge and ideas.  Books, essays, theses, and new ideas that generated during the time period were not documented for us to read centuries later, as has been the case with the centuries preceding and predating the Dark Ages.  Even centuries ago, a world where knowledge and literature were not documented, a world with few media, was a dark time.  It was not until the Renaissance and later the Enlightenment that some of the light of Rome brought the knowledge and flow of ideas back into the world.  These “lights” are directly associated to the media.  The more the media, the brighter the world; and the invention of the printing press brought knowledge to light, and made the spreading of knowledge to the masses easier and much faster. 
            Since the printing press, there have been several new ways of communication that have made easier the ways in which people spread knowledge and ideas.  The big five are print, film, radio, television, and the personal computer (PC).  Print has been around for centuries.  Words and symbols have been recorded to advertise events and sell products, and as a way to communicate the news, what we now call the press.  Film, or a movie or motion picture, may not feel like something new to us, but is actually still a bit new development to the media.  Despite that plays and dances can be traced back hundreds of years, in the late nineteenth century, a series of many images was first able to be projected onto a screen.  By the 1920s, the screen became a television, allowing many images to be transmitted electronically into a mechanical box.  Along with these developments was the radio, the transmission of electromagnetic radiation through the frequency through space.  Finally, the personal computer came about in the 1960s.  Today, it would most likely be considered a programmable calculator compared to the many different kinds of computers available today.  All of these are media we still use today to communicate many different things.  We still see newspapers, books, magazines, comic books, and many other forms of print.  The radio is widely used as a music channel, but still communicates news and information relevant to the kind of station it is.  The television and PC are both the most recent media of the five, and are very influential tools to communicate to the masses, as they are now commonplace objects in nearly every home.  All of these give news about politics, advertisements, local events and news, and much more.  They are used daily, and have a very strong influence on every person who listens.
            Despite the fact that all of these inventions are still present and very relevant to our time, one invention has become so powerful that it has cast a shadow on several other media: the internet.  With the internet, things like print, radio, television, and even film can all be accessed on your PC at a faster, more convenient rate than ever before.  It also gives the individual the power to choose what they want to watch, listen to, or read, without being crowded with other options or forced to sit through commercials and songs you do not like.  Now, it is easier to simply find what one likes and access it with the click of a button.  This one invention has been able to combine all media into one portal, or a gateway to accessing many different media simultaneously.  One way of suiting a portal to your needs is through cloud computing.  The cloud allows for easier access to applications and information by the masses.  With the cloud, a company could provide all of the software and applications via the internet in one place, which is easier than having to install each software program on every computer individually, for example.  Although the internet is a relatively new portal (become popular in the 1990s), it has had the power to transform the media into a one-dimensional archive.  Nearly everything can be accessed online, from your favorite TV shows, to the latest news story in Egypt.  It has all been combined by the advances of technology. 
            There have been several key inventions that have dominated the mediums of communications over the last one hundred and fifty years.  However great they may have been at their inception, they seem to now be becoming lost in the shadows of a new technology that is narrowing down the ways in which we communicate.  Despite the many ways and networks to communicate with another, the internet has become the main portal of communication in the twenty-first century, leaving behind the technologies of old, and making room for new possibilities for faster, cheaper, and more convenient means of media.  Where can we go from here?  I wonder… 

Exam 1: Media History Narrative


Kristen Donahue
12 Oct. 2012
Medium of Change: Time
            Today, we have many different ways in which to communicate with others.  We have cell phones, paved roads, electrical lines that run throughout most countries in the world, satellites for TV and radio broadcasting, mapping, and forecasting our weather, along with many other media.  These are all ways in which we can communicate now.  But what about in the 1800s?  What about the 1300s, or 10,000 B.C.?  People have been communicating with each other for centuries, but how?  I have created a timeline that documents over fifty points in history that media has been used.  We are so used to the technology we have now that we forget or ignore the carvings and paintings that led to what we have today; this is the medium that has advanced the media: time. 
            Rewind forty-seven thousand years…
One of the oldest known relics of media is estimated to be created around 45,000 B.C.E. in the Prehistoric Era.  In the area that is now Hungary, a carving was made on the tooth of a woolly mammoth.  This one carving presented itself in an art form, a historical form, and could have described a certain culture. 
Fast-forward:  December 18, 1994…
The Chauvet Cave in France was discovered.  This is one of the earliest known depictions of cave paintings. Estimated to be from around 30,000 B.C.E., it is a major art site of a prehistoric time period that we once knew nothing about.  The cave depicted paintings, prints, and fossils of animals that are now extinct.  It gave historians, archaeologists, artists, and geologists new insight into a culture that existed many years ago; it was survived and revived because of what they left behind. 
Rewind five thousand years to Ancient Egypt…
Ancient Egypt is estimated to have begun around 3100 B.C.  We know that they developed their own system of writing known as hieroglyphs, and created statues, tombs and pyramids that historians suggest they didn’t even have the technology to create.  How do we know this?  It is all made possible because of what they left behind.  The Egyptians kept a strict system of art that lasted nearly throughout the entire era of flat shapes and figures that were all drawn to the same scale for thousands of years.  The drawings and text that was engraved throughout the civilization tells stories of the pharaohs that reigned, the burial practices, and the religious beliefs of the culture, such as the Book of the Dead, which the civilians had access to in order to save themselves in the afterlife.  Some historians believe that this strict system is how they survived for so long.  This system was strict and did not allow for foreign change or innovations of any kind.  By simply (or not-so-simply) building a large piece of architecture (a pyramid), they defined and preserved a civilization long past because of their effective ability to communicate their culture and ways of life that historians are still learning about today. 
Fast-forward about three thousand years…
I have talked about what we know because of what was left behind, but what about the times when media was lacking?  From about the sixth-thirteenth centuries, Europe experienced a “period of intellectual darkness.”  After the collapse of the Roman Empire, Europe saw a decline in literacy and learning altogether.  Eventually, this knowledge was predominately only preserved in the church teaching biblical studies, with Latin or Greek still being used as the primary text.  Many people stopped studying the classical texts or, over time, forgot how to interpret them.  This period in time is known as the “Dark Ages” because of the lack of “light,” or intellectual and cultural output, that was achieved in the era.  The lack of researching the classical texts that were written down by scribes in the Classical Era led to a halt in research in science, and in turn medicine.  It is a dark period in history also because of the plague and smallpox associated with the time.  The era ended when people renewed the classical texts and research that was left from the Roman Empire.  Once the media was renewed, people began to culturally, medically, and scientifically advance again. 
Fast-forward two hundred years…
The printing press was invented in the mid-fifteenth century by German Johannes Gutenberg.  His printing press enabled knowledge to be printed and made largely available to the masses.  Ever since then, the human quality of life has largely been based on one’s level of education.  More books were printed, more magazines were published, and more people were able to access this information and modify or create new theories off past scholars’ research. 
These are only a few examples of how media, or lack of media, have impacted history.  The small achievements of the caveman and the large-scale impacts of the Egyptians leading up to the printing press, and everything in between, has paved the way for the technology of what we know today.  There are many different forms of media that we now have, but also what has been preserved.  Just because it is an old form of media does not mean it has died.  People are still creating architecture, art, and literary media every day.  Of course, we have a few modern technologies that have made communication and media able to spread even faster to a larger audience, but there is pride in our species to know where this knowledge has all come from.  I think it can be crucial to consider time as an important piece of media as well.  It is a medium of change.  

Tuesday, December 11, 2012

Pandora's Box?

"The Internet is the first thing that humanity has built that humanity doesn't understand, the largest experiment in anarchy that we have ever had."  -Eric Schmidt

Technology is constantly evolving to create for us a newer, faster, and better way of life; at least, that's what many people have come to believe.  And there are so many different kinds of technology out there, that it becomes hard to tell how much of it we can control.  The internet, for example, is something that I believe we truly do not understand, as executive chairman of Google Eric Schmidt said.  Once you put something up on the internet, it cannot be undone.  Is this something we should be happy to have created?  We keep talking about the future; how one day we will all be implanted with chips and how our bodies and minds will be digitally engineered in a way that goes beyond what we now know.  Many people see this as innovative thought, but is it?  Have we opened a Pandora's box that cannot be taken back?  How much of this stuff is already happening right now, or may have already happened?  It might seem like a bunch of crazy ideas, but some people are undertaking these kinds of ideas and believe they will be a reality in our near future.  So how crazy is it, really?  I guess I don't know.  Throughout history, technological advancements have changed the world around us so drastically, but have not actually altered our physical being to such a large extent (some people might argue differently).  Are you nervous...?  I am.

Monday, December 10, 2012

Wiki: Blog

A blog, or weblog, is a website on which a person, or group of people can write their opinions, information, reviews, etc. on a daily basis.  The term weblog was coined in 1997, but the act of blogging was taking place in the early 1990s.  Some popular blog sites include Blogger, WordPress, Livejournal, Blog.com, and Tumblr.

Wiki: SOS

The SOS signal is a form of Morse Code.  It originally did not stand for anything, but has popularly been associated with the term "save our souls."  It was SOS because of the simplicity of the message that could be understood by many, whether or not they knew Morse Code.  Morse code consists of dashes and dots, so the simplicity of three dots, three dashes, and then three more dots was the reasoning for the choice of letters.

Wiki: Morse Code

Morse Code is a form of communication in which an alphabet is used to send coded text information using light or sound.  American Samuel Finely Breese Morse (1791-1872) invented the telegraph and Morse Code in 1836.  The code was successfully tested on 24 May 1844, when Morse himself sent the first message between Washington DC and Baltimore: "What has God wrought?"  The messages consist of dashes and dots, which signify the corresponding letters or numbers.  

Wiki: 3D Printing

3D printing is the process of using a digital machine to construct a real object.  Lisa Harouni explains on Ted Talks what 3D printing is all about, and that we are close to having these 3D printers available to the masses.  She explains that the reason they are not in every household right now is that most people do not know how to program what they want to create into a computer before sending the design to the machine (she is correct!).  Eventually, this process will become easier through the growth of technology, and the machines will become cheaper and more readily available to the public.